• Prosthetic group features
• Some features of globin families
• Thermodynamic properties
• Globins in motif databases
• Globins in alignment databases
• Globins in 3­D databases
• References

Haem type	Haem iron coordination	Axial iron ligand(s)	Formal iron oxidation/spin states
Haem b or Chlorocruorohaem	Pentacoordinate / Hexacoordinate	NHis; (H2O or OH¯)	FeII (S=2); FeIII (S=5/2)
	Hexacoordinate (hemichrome form)	NHis; NHis	FeII (S=0); FeIII (S=1/2)
	Hexacoordinate	NHis; O2, CO or other ligand	FeII (S=0); FeIII (S=1/2)
	Hexacoordinate	NHis; O	FeIV (S=1)

Globins are haem­containing proteins involved in dioxygen binding and/or transport [1, 2]. To date, more than 700 globin sequences are known [3]. It has been proposed that all globins have evolved from a family of ancestral, approximately 17 kDa haemoproteins, which displayed the `globin fold' and functioned as redox proteins [4]. The globin superfamily includes vertebrate haemoglobins (Hb), vertebrate myoglobins (Mb), invertebrate globins, plant globins, and bacterial and fungal flavohaemoproteins (FHb). FHb are fusion proteins consisting of N­terminal globin­like domain and C­terminal ferredoxin:NADP⁺ reductase (FNR)­like domain. Most globins contain haem b group except for chlorocruorins, found in the blood of polychaete worms; their prosthetic group (chlorocruorohaem) is a derivative of the iron protoporphyrin IX, in which the vinyl group at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group [5]. Some features of the globin families are summarised in the table:

Globin family	Function	Tissue	Subunit structure	Domain structure
Vertebrate haemoglobins	O2 transport	Erythrocytes	Heterotetramer (typically 2ß2) (see Figure 1BBB)	Monodomain
Vertebrate myoglobins	O2 storage	Muscle	Monomer (see Figure 1MBO)	Monodomain
Invertebrate globins	O2 transport	Extracellular (dissolved in the blood plasma); muscle	Monomers, dimers, tetramers, or aggregates up to 200 subunits	1-9 globin domains
Plant globins	O2 transport; O2 sensor	Various plant tissues	Monomer or homodimer	Monodomain
Fungal and bacterial flavohaemoproteins	Unknown (possible O2 sensor?)	-	Monomer	Globin­like domain + FNR­like domain

3­D structures are known for a great number of globins in various states. All of them share the highly conserved `globin fold' [6]: eight conserved ­helices (A to H) providing the scaffold for a well­defined haem­binding pocket (see Figure 1MBO). (Hb subunits lack the helix D [7]). The imidazole ring of the `proximal' His residue provides the fifth haem iron ligand; the other axial haem iron position remains essentially free for O₂ coordination. Conserved `distal' His and Val residues hinder access to the sixth coordination site so that a controlled binding of small molecules may result only as a consequence of side­chain dynamics of the protein [2]. O₂ binding results in a transition from high­spin to low­spin iron with accompanying changes in the Fe-N bond lengths and coordination geometry. The unusual Hb C from the sea cucumber Caudina arenicola contains a low spin, bis­His coordinated haem (hemichrome form) [8].

Thermodynamic properties of globins

Protein	ProTherm entry	Mutation	Method
Myoglobin (pH 5); human	203	wild type	urea
	204	L29A	urea
	205	L72A	urea
	206	L104A	urea
Myoglobin (pH 11); sperm whale	248	wild type	thermal
	249	I28L	thermal
	250	I28M	thermal
	251	I28V	thermal
	252	I28A	thermal
	253	I111L	thermal
	254	I111M	thermal
	255	I111A	thermal
	256	I142L	thermal
	257	I142M	thermal
	258	I142V	thermal
	259	I142A	thermal
	260	L29I	thermal
	261	L29M	thermal
	262	L29V	thermal
	263	L29A	thermal
	264	L69I	thermal
	265	L69M	thermal
	266	L69V	thermal
	267	L69A	thermal
	268	L135I	thermal
	269	L135M	thermal
	270	L135V	thermal
	271	L49I	thermal
Myoglobin (pH 9.6); sperm whale	527	wild type	thermal
	528	G129A	thermal
	529	V66A	thermal
	530	P88A	thermal
	531	H116A	thermal
	532	V13A	thermal
	533	T67A	thermal
	534	S117A/td>	thermal
	535	L11A	thermal
	536	L9A	thermal
	537	G23A	thermal
	538	L137A	thermal
	539	V114A	thermal
	540	T51A	thermal
	541	L149A	thermal
	542	I142A	thermal
Apomyoglobin (pH 7.5); sperm whale	328	wild type	urea
	329	A130L	urea
	330	A130K	urea
	331	F123T	urea
Apomyoglobin (pH 7.8); sperm whale	2091; 2812; 2813	wild type	urea
	2092; 2814; 2815	W7F	urea
	2093; 2816; 2817	W14F	urea
	2094; 2818; 2819	M131A	urea
	2095; 2820; 2821	F123K	urea
	2096; 2822; 2823	A130K	urea
	2097; 2824; 2825	A130L	urea
	2098; 2826; 2827	H36Q	urea
	2099; 2828; 2829	V68T	urea

Globins in motif databases

PRINTS ID	PRINTS AC	PROSITE/BLOCKS ID	PROSITE AC	BLOCKS AC
ERYTHCRUORIN	PR00611	GLOBIN	PS01033	BL01033
HAEMOGLOBIN	PR00612
MYOGLOBIN	PR00613
PLANTGLOBIN	PR00188	PLANT_GLOBIN	PS00208	BL00208

Globins in alignment databases

Protein Superfamily	Protein Homology Domain	Pfam	LPFC 3­D alignment	MolMovDB
01291; globin 03778; flavohemoprotein 04039; globin 04051; Artemia polymeric globin 04139; nematode hemoglobin 04140; Barbatia two­domain hemoglobin 61221; tremetode myoglobin	00355; globin	PF00042; globin	globin	hb

PDB	scop	BSM	RELI Base	Header	¹
101m	-	101m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, F46V, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
102m	-	102m	-	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64A, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
103m	-	103m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, H64A, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
104m	-	104m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH 7.0); sperm whale	-
105m	-	105m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
106m	-	106m	-	Myoglobin (complex with ethyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, V68F, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
107m	-	107m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, V68F, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
109m	-	109m	-	Myoglobin (complex with ethyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
110m	-	110m	-	Myoglobin (complex with methyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
111m	-	111m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
112m	-	112m	-	Myoglobin (complex with n­propyl isocyanide and sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant) (pH 9.0); sperm whale	-
1a00	-	1a00	1a00	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M, W37Y mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a01	-	1a01	1a01	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M, W37A mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a0u	-	1a0u	1a0u	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a0v	-	1a0v	1a0v	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M, W37Y mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a0w	-	1a0w	1a0w	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M, W37A mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a0x	-	1a0x	1a0x	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M, W37G mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a0y	-	1a0y	1a0y	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M, W37E mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a0z	-	1a0z	1a0z	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (ß V1M mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1a4f	-	1a4f	1a4f	Haemoglobin (oxy); bar­headed goose (Anser indicus)	-
1a6g	-	1a6g	-	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy) (complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1a9w	1a9w	1a9w	1a9w	Haemoglobin (embryonic Gower II) (carbonmonoxy); human (recombinant form expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae)	-
1abs	-	1abs	1abs	Myoglobin (D122N mutant) (photolysed carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (20 K); sperm whale	-
1aby	-	1aby	1aby	Haemoglobin RHB1.1 (cyano­met) (ß2 trimer) ( V1M, ß V1M, N108K mutant); human (recombinant)	-
1ajg	-	1ajg	1ajg	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (40 K); sperm whale	-
1ajh	-	1ajh	1ajh	Myoglobin (photolysed carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (40 K); sperm whale	-
1ash	1ash	1ash	1ash	Haemoglobin (domain 1); Ascaris suum	MS6LBC71
1axf	-	1axf	1axf	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (ß H146 mutant); human	-
1azi	-	1azi	1azi	Myoglobin (complex with azide and sulphate); horse (recombinant)	-
1bab	1bab	1bab	1bab	Haemoglobin Thionville ( chain acetyl­M0, V1E mutant); human	-
1bbb	1bbb	1bbb	1bbb	Haemoglobin A (carbonmonoxy) (R2 state); human	-
1bin	-	1bin	1bin	Leghaemoglobin A (complex with acetate and sulphate); Glycine max (soybean)	-
1buw	-	1buw	-	Haemoglobin A (the haem groups are nitrosylated; the sulfhydryl groups of Cys­93 of ß subunits are S­nitrosylated); human	-
1bvc¶	1bvc¶	1bvc¶	1bvc	Apomyoglobin (biliverdin complex) (form D) (118 K); sperm whale	-
1cbl	1cbl	1cbl	1cbl	ß4 Haemoglobin (deoxy) ("R­like" quaternary structure); human	-
1cbm	1cbm	1cbm	1cbm	ß4 Haemoglobin (carbonmonoxy) ("R­like" quaternary structure); human	-
1cls	1cls	1cls	1cls	Haemoglobin (cross­linked with sebacic acid) (deoxy) (complex with sulphate); human	-
1cmy	1cmy	1cmy	1cmy	Haemoglobin Ypsilanti (carbonmonoxy); human	MMS92084
1coh	1coh	1coh	1coh	Haemoglobin (­ferrous­carbonmonoxy, ß­cobaltous­deoxy) (T state); human	-
1dsh	1dsh	1dsh	1dsh	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) ( R141 mutant); human	-
1dxt	1dxt	1dxt	1dxt	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (ß M0 mutant); human	-
1dxu	1dxu	1dxu	1dxu	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (ß V1M mutant); human	-
1dxv	1dxv	1dxv	1dxv	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (ß V1A mutant); human	-
1eca	1eca	1eca	1eca	Erythrocruorin III (aquo­met); Chironomous thummi thummi (midge)	-
1ecd	1ecd	1ecd	1ecd	Erythrocruorin III (deoxy); Chironomous thummi thummi (midge)	-
1ecn	1ecn	1ecn	1ecn	Erythrocruorin III (cyano­met); Chironomous thummi thummi (midge)	-
1eco	1eco	1eco	1eco	Erythrocruorin III (carbonmonoxy); Chironomous thummi thummi (midge)	-
1emy	1emy	1emy	1emy	Myoglobin (cyano­met); Elephas maximus (Asian elephant)	MS6LBC62
1fcs	1fcs	1fcs	1fcs	Myoglobin (H64V, T67R mutant); sperm whale	-
1fdh	1fdh	1fdh	1fdh	Haemoglobin (fetal FII) (deoxy); human	-
1flp	1flp	1flp	1flp	Haemoglobin I (monomeric); Lucina pectinata (clam)	MS5MM17
1fsl	1fsl	1fsl	1fsl	Leghaemoglobin (ferric, complex with nicotinate) (pH 6.0); Glycine max (soybean)	-
1gdi	1gdi	1gdi	1gdi	Leghaemoglobin (carbonmonoxy); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1gdj	1gdj	1gdj	1gdj	Leghaemoglobin (deoxy); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1gdk	1gdk	1gdk	1gdk	Leghaemoglobin (complex with isoquinoline; Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1gdl	1gdl	1gdl	1gdl	Leghaemoglobin (complex with NO); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1gli	1gli	1gli	1gli	Haemoglobin (deoxy) ( T38W, V1G, ß V1G mutant); human (expressed in Escherichia coli)	-
1hba	1hba	1hba	1hba	Haemoglobin Rothschild (ß W37R mutant) (deoxy); human	-
1hbb	1hbb	1hbb	1hbb	Haemoglobin A (deoxy) (low salt, 100mm cl); human	-
1hbg	1hbg	1hbg	1hbg	Haemoglobin (carbonmonoxy); Glycera dibranchiata (marine bloodworm)	-
1hbh	1hbh	1hbh	1hbh	Haemoglobin (deoxy); Pagothenia bernacchii (Antarctic fish)	-
1hbi	1hbi	1hbi	1hbi	Haemoglobin I (oxy) (homodimer); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
1hbs	1hbs	1hbs	1hbs	Haemoglobin S (deoxy); human	-
1hco	1hco	1hco	1hco	Haemoglobin (carbonmonoxy); human	-
1hda	1hda	1hda	1hda	Haemoglobin (deoxy); bovine	-
1hdb	1hdb	1hdb	1hdb	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (ß V67T mutant); human	-
1hds	1hds	1hds	1hds	Haemoglobin (sickle cell); Odocoileus virginianus (Virginia white­tailed deer)	-
1hga	1hga	1hga	1hga	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (T state); human	-
1hgb	1hgb	1hgb	1hgb	Haemoglobin (aquo­met) (T state); human	-
1hgc	1hgc	1hgc	1hgc	Haemoglobin (­oxy) (T state); human	-
1hho	1hho	1hho	1hho	Haemoglobin A (oxy); human	-
1hjt	-	1hjt	1hjt	Myoglobin (ferrous, NO­bound) (complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1hlb	1hlb	1hlb	1hlb	Haemoglobin C (hemichrome form); Caudina arenicola (sea cucumber)	MS6MMC23
1hlm	1hlm	1hlm	1hlm	Haemoglobin D (cyano­met); Caudina arenicola (sea cucumber)	MS6MMC26
1hrm	1hrm	1hrm	1hrm	Myoglobin (H93Y mutant); horse	-
1hsy	1hsy	1hsy	1hsy	Myoglobin (H64T mutant); horse	-
1ibe	1ibe	1ibe	1ibe	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (R state); horse	-
1iop	-	1iop	1iop	Myoglobin (cyano­met, substituted with 6,7­dicarboxylhaemin) (complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1irc	1irc	1irc	1irc	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with imidazole); sperm whale	-
1ith	1ith	1ith	1ith	Haemoglobin (cyano­met); Urechis caupo (innkeeper worm)	MMS93099
1jdo	-	1jdo	1jdo	Myoglobin (ferrous, complex with NO) (M0, L29F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1lh1	1lh1	1lh1	1lh1	Leghaemoglobin (complex with acetate); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lh2	1lh2	1lh2	1lh2	Leghaemoglobin (aquo­met); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lh3	1lh3	1lh3	1lh3	Leghaemoglobin (cyano­met); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lh4	1lh4	1lh4	1lh4	Leghaemoglobin (deoxy); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lh5	1lh5	1lh5	1lh5	Leghaemoglobin (fluoro­met); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lh6	1lh6	1lh6	1lh6	Leghaemoglobin (complex with nicotinate); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lh7	1lh7	1lh7	1lh7	Leghaemoglobin (complex with nitrosobenzene); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
1lhs	1lhs	1lhs	1lhs	Myoglobin (aquo­met); Caretta caretta (loggerhead sea turtle)	MS6LBC27
1lht	1lht	1lht	1lht	Myoglobin (cyano­met); Caretta caretta (loggerhead sea turtle)	MS6LBC27
1ltw	1ltw	1ltw	1ltw	Myoglobin (oxy) (M0, L29W, D122N mutant) (complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1mba	1mba	1mba	1mba	Myoglobin (met) (pH 7.0); Aplysia limacina (sea hare)	-
1mbc	1mbc	1mbc	1mbc	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy) (260 K); sperm whale	-
1mbd	1mbd	1mbd	1mbd	Myoglobin (deoxy) (pH 8.4); sperm whale	-
1mbi	1mbi	1mbi	1mbi	Myoglobin (ferric) (complex with imidazole); sperm whale	-
1mbn	1mbn	1mbn	1mbn	Myoglobin (ferric); sperm whale	-
1mbo	1mbo	1mbo	1mbo	Myoglobin (oxy) (pH 8.4); sperm whale	-
1mbs	1mbs	1mbs	1mbs	Myoglobin (met); Phoca vitulina (common seal)	-
1mcy	1mcy	1mcy	1mcy	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64Q, L29F mutant); sperm whale	-
1mgn	1mgn	1mgn	1mgn	Myoglobin (complex with sulphate) (M0, D122N, H64Y mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlf	1mlf	1mlf	1mlf	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68A, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlg	1mlg	1mlg	1mlg	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68A, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlh	1mlh	1mlh	1mlh	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68A, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlj	1mlj	1mlj	1mlj	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlk	1mlk	1mlk	1mlk	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mll	1mll	1mll	1mll	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlm	1mlm	1mlm	1mlm	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68I, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mln	1mln	1mln	1mln	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68I, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlo	1mlo	1mlo	1mlo	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68I, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlq	1mlq	1mlq	1mlq	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlr	1mlr	1mlr	1mlr	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mls	1mls	1mls	1mls	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, V68L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mlu	1mlu	1mlu	1mlu	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64G, V68A, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mnh	1mnh	1mnh	1mnh	Myoglobin (met) (pH 7.1) (H64V, T67R mutant); porcine	-
1mni	1mni	1mni	1mni	Myoglobin (met) (pH 7.1) (H64V, V68H mutant); porcine	-
1mnj	1mnj	1mnj	1mnj	Myoglobin (met) (pH 7.1) (H64V, V68I mutant); porcine	-
1mnk	1mnk	1mnk	1mnk	Myoglobin (aquo­met) (pH 7.1) (H64V, V68T mutant); porcine	-
1mno	-	1mno	1mno	Myoglobin (oxy) (pH 7.1) (V68N mutant); porcine	-
1moa	1moa	1moa	1moa	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, L29F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mob	1mob	1mob	1mob	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64G, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1moc	1moc	1moc	1moc	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64T, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mod	1mod	1mod	1mod	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64T, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1moh	1moh	1moh	1moh	Haemoglobin I (monomeric) (ferric, complex with hydrogen sulphide); Lucina pectinata (clam)	-
1mti	1mti	1mti	1mti	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, F46L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mtj	1mtj	1mtj	1mtj	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, F46V, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1mtk	1mtk	1mtk	1mtk	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, F46V, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1myf	1myf	1myf	1myf	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy); sperm whale	MS5KS10
1myg	1myg	1myg	1myg	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (pH 7.1); porcine	-
1myh	1myh	1myh	1myh	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (pH 7.1) (K45R mutant); porcine	-
1myi	1myi	1myi	1myi	Myoglobin (aquo­met) (pH 7.1) (K45S mutant); porcine	-
1myj	1myj	1myj	1myj	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (pH 7.1) (V68T mutant); porcine	-
1mym	1mym	1mym	1mym	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, F46V, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
1myt	1myt	1myt	1myt	Myoglobin (met); Thunnus albacares (yellowfin tuna)	MS5MM9
1nih	1nih	1nih	1nih	Haemoglobin (­nickelous, ­deoxy, ß­ferrous, ß­carbonmonoxy) (T state); human	MMS91052
1out	1out	1out	1out	Haemoglobin I (deoxy) (complex with acetate); trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss)	-
1ouu	1ouu	1ouu	1ouu	Haemoglobin I (carbonmonoxy) (complex with acetate); trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss)	-
1pbx	1pbx	1pbx	1pbx	Haemoglobin (carbonmonoxy); Pagothenia bernacchii (Antarctic fish)	MMS93098
1pmb	1pmb	1pmb	1pmb	Myoglobin (aquo­met) (pH 7.1); porcine	MMS91081
1sct	1sct	1sct	1sct	Haemoglobin (tetrameric) (carbonmonoxy); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
1sdk	1sdk	1sdk	1sdk	Haemoglobin A (cross­linked with 1,3,5­benzenetricarboxylic acid) (carbonmonoxy); human	-
1sdl	1sdl	1sdl	1sdl	Haemoglobin A (cross­linked with 1,3,5­benzenetricarboxylic acid) (carbonmonoxy); human	-
1spe	1spe	1spe	1spe	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (pH 4.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1spg	-	1spg	1spg	Haemoglobin (carbonmonoxy) (R state); Leiostomus xanthurus (teleost fish)	-
1swm	1swm	1swm	1swm	Myoglobin (ferric, complex with azide and sulphate); sperm whale	-
1tes	1tes	1tes	1tes	Myoglobin (complex with methylethylamine and sulphate) (pH 9.0); sperm whale (expressed in Escherichia coli)	-
1thb	1thb	1thb	1thb	Haemoglobin (partially oxygenated, complex with inositol hexaphosphate); human	MMS91054
1vhb	1vhb	1vhb	1vhb	Dimeric haemoglobin (soluble cytochrome o); Vitreoscilla stercoraria (recombinant form expressed in Escherichia coli)	-
1vxa	1vxa	1vxa	1vxa	Myoglobin (complex with sulphate) (pH 4.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxb	1vxb	1vxb	1vxb	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (pH 4.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxc	1vxc	1vxc	1vxc	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (pH 5.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxd	1vxd	1vxd	1vxd	Myoglobin (complex with sulphate) (pH 5.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxe	1vxe	1vxe	1vxe	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (pH 5.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxf	1vxf	1vxf	1vxf	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (pH 6.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxg	1vxg	1vxg	1vxg	Myoglobin (complex with sulphate) (pH 6.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1vxh	1vxh	1vxh	1vxh	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (pH 6.0, 4 °C); sperm whale	-
1yca	1yca	1yca	1yca	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy) (pH 7.1) (V68T mutant); porcine	-
1ycb	1ycb	1ycb	1ycb	Myoglobin (deoxy) (pH 7.1) (V68T mutant); porcine	-
1yma	1yma	1yma	1yma	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (H64Y mutant); horse	-
1ymb	1ymb	1ymb	1ymb	Myoglobin (met, complex with sulphate); horse	-
1ymc	1ymc	1ymc	1ymc	Myoglobin (cyano­met, complex with sulphate); horse	-
1yog	1yog	1yog	1yog	Myoglobin (reconstituted with Co2+ protoporphyrin IX) (deoxy, complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1yoh	1yoh	1yoh	1yoh	Myoglobin (reconstituted with Co2+ protoporphyrin IX) (aquo­met, complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1yoi	1yoi	1yoi	1yoi	Myoglobin (reconstituted with Co2+ protoporphyrin IX) (oxy, complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
1xch	1xch	1xch	1xch	Myoglobin (complex with sulphate); horse (recombinant)	-
2cmm*	2cmm*	2cmm*	2cmm*	Myoglobin (cyano­met, reconstituted with Fe3+ complexes of porphyrin); sperm whale	-
2dhb	2dhb	2dhb	2dhb	Haemoglobin (deoxy); horse	-
2fal	2fal	2fal	2fal	Myoglobin (ferric, cyano­met); Aplysia limacina (sea hare)	-
2fam	2fam	2fam	2fam	Myoglobin (ferric, complex with thiocyanate); Aplysia limacina (sea hare)	-
2gdm	2gdm	2gdm	2gdm	Leghaemoglobin (oxy); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2hbc	2hbc	2hbc	2hbc	Haemoglobin A (complex with ethyl isocyanide) (pH 6.7); human	-
2hbd	2hbd	2hbd	2hbd	Haemoglobin A (complex with methyl isocyanide) (pH 6.7); human	-
2hbe	2hbe	2hbe	2hbe	Haemoglobin A (complex with n­butyl isocyanide) (pH 6.7); human	-
2hbf	2hbf	2hbf	2hbf	Haemoglobin A (complex with n­propyl isocyanide) (pH 6.7); human	-
2hbg	2hbg	2hbg	2hbg	Haemoglobin (deoxy); Glycera dibranchiata (marine bloodworm)	-
2hbi	2hbi	2hbi	2hbi	Haemoglobin (dimeric) (deoxy) (F97L mutant); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
2hco	2hco	2hco	2hco	Haemoglobin (carbonmonoxy); human	-
2hhb	2hhb	2hhb	2hhb	Haemoglobin (deoxy, complex with phosphate); human	-
2hhd	2hhd	2hhd	2hhd	Haemoglobin A (deoxy, complex with sulphate); human	-
2hhe	2hhe	2hhe	2hhe	Haemoglobin (deoxy) (ß V1M, ß H2 mutant); human	-
2lh1	2lh1	2lh1	2lh1	Leghaemoglobin (complex with acetate); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lh2	2lh2	2lh2	2lh2	Leghaemoglobin (aquo­met); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lh3	2lh3	2lh3	2lh3	Leghaemoglobin (cyano­met); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lh4	2lh4	2lh4	2lh4	Leghaemoglobin (deoxy); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lh5	2lh5	2lh5	2lh5	Leghaemoglobin (fluoro­met); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lh6	2lh6	2lh6	2lh6	Leghaemoglobin (complex with nicotinate); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lh7	2lh7	2lh7	2lh7	Leghaemoglobin (complex with nitrosobenzene); Lupinus luteus L. (yellow lupin)	-
2lhb	2lhb	2lhb	2lhb	Haemoglobin V (cyano­met); Petromyzon marinus (sea lamprey)	-
2mb5	2mb5	2mb5	2mb5	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with ammonium and sulphate); sperm whale	-
2mbw	2mbw	2mbw	2mbw	Myoglobin (met) (complex with sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant); sperm whale	MMS91080
2mga	2mga	2mga	2mga	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy) (M0, H64G, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgb	2mgb	2mgb	2mgb	Myoglobin (aquo­met) (M0, H64G, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgc	2mgc	2mgc	2mgc	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy) (M0, H64L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgd	2mgd	2mgd	2mgd	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mge	2mge	2mge	2mge	Myoglobin (met, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64L, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgf	2mgf	2mgf	2mgf	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64Q, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgg	2mgg	2mgg	2mgg	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64Q, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgh	2mgh	2mgh	2mgh	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64Q, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgi	2mgi	2mgi	2mgi	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64T, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgj	2mgj	2mgj	2mgj	Myoglobin (met, complex with sulphate) (M0, H64V, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgk	2mgk	2mgk	2mgk	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgl	2mgl	2mgl	2mgl	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mgm	2mgm	2mgm	2mgm	Myoglobin (oxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2mhb	2mhb	2mhb	2mhb	Haemoglobin (aquo­met); horse	-
2mm1	2mm1	2mm1	2mm1	Myoglobin (K45R, C110A mutant); human	MMS91079
2mya	2mya	2mya	2mya	Myoglobin (complex with ethyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH 7.0); sperm whale	-
2myb	2myb	2myb	2myb	Myoglobin (complex with methyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH 7.0); sperm whale	-
2myc	2myc	2myc	2myc	Myoglobin (complex with n­butyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH 7.0); sperm whale	-
2myd	2myd	2myd	2myd	Myoglobin (complex with n­propyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH 7.0); sperm whale	-
2mye	2mye	2mye	2mye	Myoglobin (complex with ethyl isocyanide and sulphate) (pH << 7.0); sperm whale	-
2pgh	2pgh	2pgh	2pgh	Haemoglobin (aquo­met); porcine	MS5LB23
2spl	2spl	2spl	2spl	Myoglobin (carbonmonoxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, L29F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2spm	2spm	2spm	2spm	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, L29F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2spn	2spn	2spn	2spn	Myoglobin (oxy, complex with sulphate) (M0, L29F, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2spo	2spo	2spo	2spo	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate) (M0, L29V, D122N mutant); sperm whale	-
2vhb	2vhb	2vhb	2vhb	Dimeric haemoglobin (soluble cytochrome o) (azido­met); Vitreoscilla stercoraria (recombinant form expressed in Escherichia coli)	-
3hbi	3hbi	3hbi	3hbi	Haemoglobin (dimeric) (carbonmonoxy) (D56N, F97L mutant); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
3hhb	3hhb	3hhb	3hhb	Haemoglobin (deoxy, complex with phosphate); human	-
3mba	3mba	3mba	3mba	Myoglobin (fluoro­met) (pH 7.0); Aplysia limacina (sea hare)	-
3sdh	3sdh	3sdh	3sdh	Haemoglobin I (carbonmonoxy) (homodimer); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
4hbi	-	4hbi	-	Haemoglobin (dimeric) (deoxy) (T72I mutant); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
4hhb	4hhb	4hhb	4hhb	Haemoglobin (deoxy, complex with phosphate); human	-
4mba	4mba	4mba	4mba	Myoglobin (complex with imidazole) (pH 7.0); Aplysia limacina (sea hare)	-
4mbn	4mbn	4mbn	4mbn	Myoglobin (aquo­met, complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
4sdh	4sdh	4sdh	4sdh	Haemoglobin I (deoxy) (homodimer); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	MMS91053
5hbi	-	5hbi	-	Haemoglobin (dimeric) (carbonmonoxy) (T72I mutant); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
5mba	5mba	5mba	5mba	Myoglobin (complex with azide); Aplysia limacina (sea hare)	-
5mbn	5mbn	5mbn	5mbn	Myoglobin (deoxy, complex with sulphate); sperm whale	-
6hbi	-	6hbi	-	Haemoglobin (dimeric) (deoxy) (T72V mutant); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
7hbi	-	7hbi	-	Haemoglobin (dimeric) (carbonmonoxy) (T72V mutant); Scapharca inaequivalvis (ark clam)	-
-	-	-	-	Haemoglobin (cyano­met); human	MS5EF3
-	s001	-	-	Flavohaemoglobin (N­terminal domain); Alcaligenes eutrophus	MS6TP1
-	-	-	-	Myoglobin (D­helix substitution mutant); sperm whale	MS6CDC13
-	-	-	-	Myoglobin (D­helix deletion mutant); sperm whale	MS6CDC14

¹ Macromolecular Structures abstract. Full text is available to BioMedNet Members

References

1. Cowan, J.A. (1993) Inorganic Biochemistry: An Introduction. VCH Publishers, New York.
2. Kaim, W. and Schwederski, B. (1991) Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life. Wiley, Chichester.
3. Kapp, O.H., Moens, L., Vanfleteren, J., Trotman, C.N.A., Suzuki, T. and Vinogradov, S.N. (1995) Alignment of 700 globin sequences: Extent of amino acid substitution and its correlation with variation in volume. Protein Science 4, 2179-2190.
4. Moens, L., Vanfleteren, J., Van de Peer, Y., Peeters, K., Kapp, O.H., Czeluzniak, J., Goodman, M., Blaxter, M. and Vinogradov, S.N. (1996) Globins in nonvertebrate species: dispersal by horizontal gene transfer and evolution of the structure­function relationships. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 324-333.
5. Lemberg, R. and Falk, J.E. (1951) Comparison of haem a, the dichroic haem of heart muscle, and of porphyrin a with compounds of known structure. Biochem. J. 49, 674-683.
6. Aronson, H.E., Royer, W.E. and Hendrickson, W.A. (1994) Quantification of tertiary structural conservation despite primary sequence drift in the globin fold. Protein Science 3, 1706-1711.
7. Whitaker, T.L., Berry, M.B., Ho, E.L., Hargrove, M.S., Phillips, G.N., Jr., Komiyama, N.H., Nagai, K. and Olson, J.S. (1995) The D­helix in myoglobin and in the ß subunit of hemoglobin is required for the retention of heme. Biochemistry 34, 8221-8226.
8. Mitchell, D.T., Kitto, G.B. and Hackert, M.L. (1995) Structural analysis of monomeric hemichrome and dimeric cyanomet hemoglobins from Caudina arenicola. J. Mol. Biol. 251, 421-431.

Bibliography on structural studies of globins: A-H, I-P and Q-Z

Reviews on globins

Globin Gene Server